Welcome to the ultimate FREE NASM study guide 6th edition for 2024. Here are the domains of knowledge we will go through in this guide:

  • Client Relations and Behavioral Coaching
  • Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts
  • Assessments
  • Exercise Technique and Training Instruction
  • Professional Development and Responsibility

I promise that after going through our free guide, you will have a much easier time breezing through the exam.

Make sure to bookmark this page or you will regret it 😉 This Is for the 6th edition textbook. If you are looking for the 7th edition, check out this link.

Let’s not waste any time and jump right in.

Domain 1: Client Relations and Behavioral Coaching

Section 1. Communication Components

  • Use of appropriate body language
  • Explain important concepts
  • Show empathy and compassion
  • Use positive reinforcement
  • Use positive greeting protocols (smile, handshake. hello)

Visual and auditory expressions of intent and feeling that exist outside of written or spoken speech.

Practicing listening as an act of genuine interest.

Open-ended questions allow the questioned party to elaborate with detail. Close-ended questions only require a yes or no answer.

Relaying back your interpretation of what the client has communicated.

Making brief reflections on what has been communicated to indicate that information has been taken on board.

Section 2. SMART Goals

S- Specific

M- Measurable 

A- Attainable

R- Realistic

T- Timely

Section 3. Goal Expectation Management 

1. Understand the client’s motivations

2. Hone in and clarify vague statements like “I want to get fit” or “I want to look better.”

3. Allow clients to verbalize their goals for more clarity

4. Identify unrealistic outcomes

5. Set goals based on the SMART principles

6. Be able to contrast between product and progress-based goals

7. Be aware that progress occurs at different rates for different clients

8. Identify how and when each client’s goals will be reassessed and revisited

Section 4. Behavior Change Strategies

Try to think of the stages without seeing the chart below, first.

– Instrumental support in the form of practical applications and infrastructure

– Emotional support in the form of positive psychological reinforcement and encouragement

– Informational support in the form of facts and evidence that provide direction and indicate efficacy and reliability

– Companionship support in the form of positive social associations such as family and close friends

Section 5. Psychological Response to Exercise

– Promotes positive mood

– Improves the quality and quantity of sleep

– Reduces stress

– Reduces indicators and risk factors of anxiety and depression

Section 6. Barriers to Behavior Change

  • Time constraints
  • Setting unrealistic goals
  • Inadequate social support
  • Social anxiety and low self-esteem, Convenience or addictiveness of current behavioral patterns

Section 7. Client Expectation Management

  • If the client is ready to begin or has any further questions/queries
  • – The social dynamics, etiquette, and training culture of the facility
  • – Dress code
  • – The potential outcomes of interactions with other clients/members

Domain 2: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts

Section 1. The Nervous System

Golgi Tendon Organ – GTOs are specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle.

Muscle Spindle – Muscle Spindles are sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of length change.

The Charts below are found in chapter 5 of the 7th edition.

These figures are found in lesson 1 of chapter 5 in the 7th edition text.

The three primary functions of the nervous system include sensory, integrative, and motor functions. Sensory Function is the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment. Integrative Function is the ability of the CNS to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response. Motor Function is then the body’s response (via the efferent pathway) to that integrated sensory information, such as causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far or changing one’s walking pattern when transitioning from walking on a sidewalk to walking in the sand.

These figures can be found throughout lesson 1 of chapter 5 in the 7th edition text.

Section 2. The Muscular System

Tendons- Connective tissue bridging muscles to the skeleton

Fascia- Connective tissue that consists of a tough fibrous membrane that holds muscle tissue together

Fascicles- Muscle fiber units bundled within a single muscle

Muscle fiber- Cylindrical cells that produce and resist force through mechanical contraction, allowing organisms to move and reposition

Sarcomere- The muscle fiber’s fundamental contractile unit consisting of protein filaments actin and myosin

Sliding filament theory- That contraction of muscles takes place through the sliding of actin and myosin

Type I (slow-twitch) muscle tissue- Predominantly aerobic muscle fibers responsible for sustained, focused contractions and have a relatively higher mitochondrial count for that reason

Type II (fast-twitch) muscle tissue- More anaerobic, these fibers are tasked with short, explosive contractions aimed at generating power and speed

Motor unit- The smallest functional unit of a muscle and motor unit system

Neural activation- The stimulation of motor units through the delivery of mild impulses. Also known as warming up.

Neurotransmitters- A signaling chemical release at the end of nerve synapses used to transfer impulses across nerve junctions or to muscle fibers

The chart is found in lesson 4 of chapter 5 in the 7th edition.

Local stabilization system- Muscle system connected directly to vertebrae

Global stabilization system- Muscle system that transfers force between the upper and lower body, thus providing full-body stability

Movement system- All organs and structures whose collective function brings about mobility and biomechanical activity. These figures are found throughout lesson 4 of chapter 5 in the 7th edition text.

Section 3. The Skeletal System

These diagrams are found throughout chapter 5, lesson 2.

Joints are the sites where two bones meet, and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

These images are found throughout lesson 2 of chapter 5 in the 7th edition.

Skeletal system functions- Structural integrity and support, protection of vital organs, mobility, anchoring of organs, production of blood and endocrine hormones

Non-synovial joints- Maintains structural integrity by joining bone segments not required to perform a movement

Synovial Joints- Joints that allow smooth movement between two or more adjacent bones

Major motion types- Spin, slide, and roll

Hinge Joint- Sagittal plane. E.g. elbows and knees

Ball-and-socket Joint- Full axis mobility. E.g. Pelvic and shoulder girdle

Arthrokinematics- The science of joint motion

Section 4. The Endocrine System

Endocrine system- The system responsible for the production and secretion of hormones

Testosterone- Anabolic male sex hormone

Estrogen- Female sex hormone

Growth hormone- Anabolic tissue growth hormone

Insulin- Energy and micronutrient regulation hormone

Section 5. The Cardio-respiratory System

Cardiorespiratory system- System comprised of the heart, blood vessels (circulatory), and lungs (respiratory)

Cardiovascular system- The heart and blood vessels

Respiratory system- Lungs and breathing system

Cardiac muscle- Involuntary heart muscle, relatively more rigid than skeletal muscle

Right atrium- Gathers low-oxygen blood 

Left atrium- Gathers oxygenated blood from the lungs

Sinoatrial (SA) node- Myocyte clusters that generate electrical impulses that determine heart rhythm

Right ventricle- Pumps low oxygen blood to lungs

Left ventricle- Pumps oxygen-rich blood through the body

Arteries- Vessels for oxygenated blood

Veins- Vessels for deoxygenated blood

Arterioles- Small branches of arteries

Capillaries- Smallest blood vessel units. Chemical exchange sites

Venules- Smallest branches of veins

Stroke volume- The volume of blood circulated with each pump

Heart rate- The frequency of heartbeats per minute

Cardiac output- Amount of blood pumped per minute

Inspiration- Moving air into the lungs through muscular contractions

Primary inspiratory muscles- External intercostals and diaphragm

Secondary inspiratory muscles- scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor

Expiration- Pushing air out of the lungs through muscular contraction

Expiratory muscles- Abdominals and internal intercostals

Resting oxygen consumption (VO2)- Amounts to 3.5ml/min/kg of body mass and is the equivalent of 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)- Maximum oxygen consumption rate at peak exercise intensity 

Dysfunctional breathing- Irregular breathing patterns characteristic of stress and anxiety

Increases: metabolic activity, mental alertness, cardiac function, respiratory function.

Decreases: resting heart rate, LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, risk of cardiovascular disease.

These diagrams are found throughout lesson 1 of chapter 6 in the 7th edition text.

Transport- Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones

Regulation- Temperature, fluid balance, pH

Protection- Immune system, clotting

Section 6. Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism

Bioenergetics- The science of energy in the body

Metabolism- The usage cycle of nutrients and their conversion into energy, body components, and waste materials through normal life function

Aerobic- Using oxygen to drive metabolic function

Anaerobic- Metabolic activity with an absence of oxygen

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- A molecule used to transfer and store energy in cells

Anaerobic threshold- The point at which energy demand surpasses oxygen supply

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption(EPOC)- Post-exercise elevated metabolic activity

Oxidative- Aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, Long-term energy

Glycolysis- Anaerobic, Moderate-to-high intensity, lasts up to 30-50 seconds

ATP-PC- Anaerobic, High-intensity, Lasts up to 10-15 seconds


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Section 7. Fundamentals of Biomechanics

The science concerning the generation, transfer, and resistance of mechanical force by the musculoskeletal system and the effects produced.

A transfer of energy that acts on a physical body causing it to change its direction and velocity.

A rotational force acting about a fixed axis.

A rigid bar that applies torque about a fixed pivot or fulcrum.

1st class- The fulcrum in the center

2nd class- Resistance in the center

3rd class- Effort in the center

Section 8. Anatomic locations 

Superior- Above 

Inferior- Below 

Proximal- Closest to a reference point

Distal- Furthest from a reference point

Anterior- front

Posterior- behind

Medial- central

Lateral- On either side

Contralateral- Opposite sides

Ipsilateral- Same side

The planes of motions to know are the Frontal, Sagittal, and Transverse.

PlaneDescriptionExample
FrontalAdduction/abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/inversionLateral raise, lateral lunge, lateral shuffle
SagittalFlexion and extensionBicep curl, hamstring curl
TransverseRotation, Horizontal adduction/abductionThrowing motion

Section 9. Joint Motions

Flexion- Muscles shorten

Extension- Muscles lengthen

Plantar flexion- Extension about the ankle joint

Dorsiflexion- Flexion about the ankle joint

Abduction- Extension away from the midline

Adduction- Flexion towards the midline

Horizontal abduction- Abduction along the transverse plane

Internal rotation- Joint rotation towards the midline

External rotation- Joint rotation away from the midline

Section 10. Principles of Human Movement Science

Concentric- Muscle shortens with contraction

Eccentric- Muscle lengthens under resistance

Isometric- Muscle length remains constant against resistance

Length-tension relationship- The tension a muscle can produce at a given resting length

Force-couple- A muscle pair working to produce motion

Force-velocity curve- An increase in velocity correlates to a decrease in concentric force and an increase in eccentric force

Neuromuscular efficiency- The degree at which force can be produced, reduced, and stabilized across all 3 movement planes

Structural efficiency- The degree of optimal alignment of the musculoskeletal system towards the ideal center of mass distribution for a given bodyu

Davis’s law- soft tissue models along the lines of stress

Autogenic inhibition- Muscle spindle inhibition due to sensory impulses of tension being greater than motor impulses of contraction

Reciprocal inhibition- The contraction of one muscle leads to the relaxation of its opposite to facilitate movement

Relative flexibility- The body’s affinity towards seeking the least resistive path

Pattern overload- Abnormal stress caused by excessive repetition of a single movement

Postural distortion patterns- Common movement patterns associated with muscle imbalances

Altered reciprocal inhibition- A tight agonist that inhibits its functional antagonist, causing muscle inhibition

Synergistic dominance- When a synergist takes over a prime mover’s function

Muscle imbalance- Disproportionate muscle length about a joint

The cumulative injury cycle is essential for the fitness professional to understand that poor posture and repetitive, overuse movements can create dysfunction within the connective tissue of the human body.

The image below is figure 14-12 in the 7th edition.

Section 11. The OPT Model

NASM’s Optimum Performance Training model aimed at enhancing the body through the correction of deficiencies, and improvement of the fundamentals of stabilization, strength, and power

Stability- The ability to achieve and maintain postural equilibrium through all planes of motion

Strength- The degree to which muscular tension can produce force

Strength endurance- The length of time muscular tension can be sustained

Maximal strength- The maximum amount of force that can be produced through muscular contraction

Muscular hypertrophy- The increase in mass and volume of muscle tissue due to growth stimulated by metabolic and/or mechanical response. May lead to a corresponding increase in strength and power.

Power- The rate of strength output over time.

Section 12. Principles of Motor Development

Motor behavior- motor response to internal and external stimuli

Motor control- The integration of present sensory stimuli with previous experiences via the CNS

Motor learning- Incorporation of motor control patterns into adopted movement systems through repetition

Motor development- The lifelong progression of motor skill behavior

Sensorimotor integration- The integration of sensory input with the appropriate motor response

Muscle synergies- Muscles collaboratively recruited by the CNS to produce movement

Proprioception- The ability to interpret sensory input from mechanoreceptors in order to maintain balance and postural equilibrium.

Internal feedback: sensory input data resulting from the corresponding internal response to motor function and its outcomes.

External feedback: explicit data provided by external validators such as a coach, video playback, or readings on measuring implements.

Section 13. Macronutrients

Primary energy source macronutrients that include sugars, starches, and fiber.

Monosaccharide- A single unit of sugar. E.g., fructose, glucose.

Disaccharides- A double sugar molecule. E.g. lactose, sucrose and maltose.

Fiber- Complex polysaccharides found in plant tissue. Assists in gut health, glucose uptake regulation, and the nourishment of gut microbiota.

Soluble Fiber- Soluble fiber dissolves in water.

Insoluble Fiber- Insoluble fiber remains solid/in suspension in water.

Glucose- The most basic molecular structure of a carbohydrate

Glycogen- Carbohydrate storage unit stored in liver and muscle tissue

The Glycemic index refers to numbers (0–100) assigned to a food source that represents the rise in blood sugar after consuming the food.

Lipids are organic compounds made of glycerol and fatty acids that are hydrophobic. They include oils, fats, waxes, and steroids and contain roughly twice the energy yield per unit mass of carbohydrates.

Triglyceride- The most common lipid structure consists of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Saturated Fat- A lipid where all the fatty acid chains have single bonds. Solid at ambient temperature.

Trans-fat- Hydrogenated unsaturated fat used for large-scale industrial food production. Known to pose tremendous health risks.

Unsaturated fat- A lipid where one or more double bond in the fatty acid chain. 

Monounsaturated- A lipid with only one double bond

Polyunsaturated- A lipid with more than one double bond

Saturated Fat- Meat, dairy products, coconut oil

Monounsaturated fat- tree nuts, flaxseed, sunflower seeds

Polyunsaturated fat- Fatty fish, olive oil

A nitrogen-based organic molecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains.

Sub Molecules of proteins containing amine and carboxyl groups.

Amino acids that are both necessary to normal life function and cannot be naturally produced in the body. They must therefore be ingested through an inclusive diet.

Amino acids that are either unnecessary to normal health, or are necessary, but are naturally produced in adequate quantities and don’t need to be ingested through an inclusive diet.

A protein or protein source that includes all essential amino acids.

A protein or protein source that does not possess all necessary amino acids.

Section 14. Micronutrients

Inorganic molecules that drive important life functions and are only needed in trace quantities. These include vitamins and minerals.

A substance’s ability to have a negative impact on health.

Section 15. Hydration

Approximately 60%.

2.2 L for women and 3 L for men.

Cold water is well known to assist in digestive health.

A beverage containing up to 8% carbohydrates. 

Approximately 8oz.

Fatigue decreased performance and circulatory deficiency.

Section 16. Recommendations and Guidelines for Caloric Intake and Expenditure

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Amount of energy expended during rest and inactivity.

The energy expended through the process of digestion accounts for 6-10% of total expenditure.

Approximately 20% of total energy.

– High carb consumption two to four hours before physical activity

– Consume 1,5 grams of carbs per kg of body weight to maximize glycogen reserves

– For activity lasting more than 1 hour, consume 30 – 60 grams of carbs per hour

Section 17. Dietary Reference Intakes

The guidelines for the ideal intake of a given nutrient.

The mean daily nutritional requirements for an individual of normal health.

The maximum intake level with no perceived health risks.

The ideal recommended nutrient intake for individuals of normal health.

Section 18.  Portion Sizes, Meal Timing, and Frequency

The table shows the recommendations for how someone should look to eat when wanting to change their body in the following ways.

Weight LossHypertrophy/Lean MassGeneral Health
No more than 10% fatEat 4 to 6 meals per dayIncorporate low GI carbs
Distribute all macronutrients through the daySpread protein intake through the day
Consume four to 6 meals per day to control hunger and cravingsConsume carbs and protein within 90 minutes of physical activity for optimal protein synthesis
Avoid calorically-dense processed foodsMaintain healthy ratios of carbs and fats
Hydrate with approx. 9 to 13 cups of water/day
Measure food portions
Seek professional supervision for diets under 1200 kcal

Section 19. Common Nutritional Supplements

A substance or drug used in athletic performance enhancement.

Made in the body via the ATP-PC system.

It can boost anaerobic performance and strength output during exercise. It can increase muscle mass over the long term.

Consuming 3-6mg/kg of body weight  1 hour before physical activity has been shown to improve performance.

They are categorically illegal and prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

Domain 3: Assessment

Section 1. The PAR-Q 

1. Determines risk level of exercise for an individual

2. Identifies the need for medical evaluation in an individual

3. Leads to physician referral if the answer is yes to one or more of the questions

Section 2. Elements of Personal, Occupational, and Family Medical History

Tightening on the hip flexors, weakening of posterior chain muscles (rounded shoulders and forward head).

Can lead to pattern overload and overuse injuries.

The sustained plantar-flexion can lead to tight calf muscles, leading to over-pronation and weakened dorsiflexion.

– Cardiovascular disease

– Respiratory complications

– Future re-injury

– Neural overcompensation

– Loss of neural control

– Altered neural control

Beta-blockers, heart, and blood pressure medication.

Arthritis, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular conditions, stroke, cancer, and pregnancy.

Section 3. Cardiorespiratory Assessments 

Used to estimate an individual’s VO2max.

The straight percentage method calculated as: HRmax = 220 – age

The regression formula, calculated as: HRmax = 208 – (0.7 × age)

The straight percentage formula is an easier calculation, while the regression formula gives a more accurate reading.

1. Execute 96 steps/minute, on a 12-inch step, over a 3 minute period.

2. Take a 60-second recovery pulse within 5 seconds of stopping

3. Refer to the chart on page 130 of the textbook and match recovery pulse to it

4. Assign the correct heart rate zone: Zone 1: poor – fair

5. Zone 2: average – good

6. Zone 3: very good

1. Document weight

2. 1-mile treadmill walk

3. Document time

4. Record heart rate immediately after

5. Use the VO2 formula to calculate the VO2 score

6. Use the chart on textbook page 132 to match score with age and sex

7. Assign the correct heart rate zones

Zone 1: poor – fair

Zone 2: average – good

Zone 3: very good

Section 4. Physiological Assessments

Place index and middle fingers on the wrist proximal to the thumb.

Less preferred for clients, more suitable for emergency first response, located on the side of the neck.

The heart rate experienced at rest. It can be determined as an average of 3 consecutive morning heart rate readings.

Ave RHR men: 70bpm.

Ave RHR women: 75bpm.

The healthy adult range sits between 70 – 80 bpm.

Systolic: maximum arterial pressure which occurs during cardiac contraction. Health normal of up to 120 mm Hg

Diastolic: minimum arterial pressure which occurs during cardiac relaxation. Healthy normal of up to 90 mm Hg

Section 5. Static Postural Assessment

The body’s main joint regions such as knees, elbows, ankles, wrists, head/neck, LPHC, and shoulder girdle.

These static and dynamic postural assessment diagrams are found throughout Lesson 2 of Chapter 12 in the 7th Edition.

Section 6. Assessments from Adjacent Professionals

Cholesterol is a lipid derivative found in the blood and produced in the liver.

HDL is high-density lipoprotein and is a form of cholesterol considered beneficial for health. LDL is low-density lipoprotein and has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

A level of no more than 200 mg/dL.

Section 7. Body Composition Assessments

Any person whose weight sits at no less than 25 lbs above their ideal weight for their height, or anyone with a BMI of 25 to 29.9.

A BMI of at least 30 is classified as obese.

Flexion

Fat mass is calculated as the product of body fat % and total scale weight.

Lean mass is calculated as the total scale weight minus the fat mass.

An electric current is sent through the body and used to determine total fat mass.

Underwater weighing uses the principle that fat mass is more buoyant than lean mass.

Measurements based on changes in girth of several sites such as ankles, chest, waist, hips, calves, and neck. Considered inaccurate.

The waist circumference is divided by the width of the hips. A ratio of no less than 0.8 for females and one of no less than 0.95 for males indicates the potential for obesity-related risk factors.

The weight-to-height ratio of a person. The higher the BMI, the more likely a person is overweight or obese; the lower the BMI, the more likely they are underweight.

Section 8. Performance Assessments

Davies test- An agility and stability test for the upper body

Shark skill test- Neuromuscular control and agility test for the lower body

Bench press test- Determines upper-body maximal strength (1 rep max)

Squat test- Determines lower body maximal strength (1 rep max)

Push-up test- Determines upper body muscular endurance

LEFT test- Determines acceleration, deceleration agility, and neuromuscular control

Analyzes posture through movement to determine any movement dysfunctions, imbalances or deviations.

This overhead squat assessment, one of the more important dynamic posture assessments, can be found throughout lesson 3 of Chapter 12 in the 7th Edition.

ViewKinetic Chain CheckpointCompensationCompensationUnderactive muscles
LateralLPHCPronounced forward leanSoleusAnterior tibialis
GastrocnemiusGluteus maximus
Hip flexor complexErector spinae
Abdominal complex
Anterior pelvic tiltHip flexorGluteus maximus
Erector spinaeHamstring complex
Latissimus dorsiIntrinsic core stabilizers
Posterior pelvic tiltHamstring complexIntrinsic core stabilizers
Rectus abdominisGluteus maximus
Upper bodyArms shit forwardsLatissimus dorsiMiddle / lower trapezius
Teres majorRhomboids
Pectoralis major/minorRotator cuff
Anterior FeetTurn outSoleusMedial gastrocnemius
Lateral gastrocnemiusMedial hamstring complex
Biceps femoris (short head) Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus
KneesMove inwardsAdductor complexGluteus maximus
SoleusGluteus medius
GastrocnemiusVastus medialis oblique (VMO)
Biceps femoris (short head)
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
Vastus lateralis
Move outwardsSoleusGluteus maximus
GastrocnemiusAdductors
Biceps femoris (short head)Medial hamstring complex
Piriformis

Section 8. Performance Assessments

Assess for the level of ankle proprioception core stability and strength and hip stability and strength.

The Single leg Squat assessment is a slightly more advanced assessment that looks to find problems in dynamic posture. This can be found throughout lesson 3 of chapter 12 in the 7th edition.

ViewKinetic Chain CheckpointCompensationOveractive musclesUnderactive muscles
AnteriorKneesMove InwardAdductor complex Gluteus medius
Biceps femorisGluteus maximus
TFLVastus medialis oblique
Vastus medialis oblique

Assess for the level of efficiency and identify potential imbalances during pushing movements.

This is another form of dynamic posture assessment that is commonly used. This can be found throughout lesson 3 of chapter 12 in the 7th edition.

ViewKinetic Chain CheckpointCompensationOveractive musclesUnderactive muscles
LateralLPHCLow back archesHip flexorsIntrinsic core stabilizers
Erector spinae
Shoulder complexShoulder elevationUpper trapeziusMid trapezius
SternocleidomastoidLower trapezius
Levator scapulae
HeadProtrudesUpper trapezius Deep cervical flexors

Assess for the level of efficiency and identifies potential imbalances during pulling movements.

Another form of dynamic posture assessment and this too can be found throughout lesson 3 of chapter 12 in the 7th edition.

ViewKinetic Chain CheckpointCompensationOveractive muscles
LateralLPHC Lower Back ArchesHip flexors
Erector spinae
Shoulder complexShoulder elevationUpper trapeziusMid trapezius
SternocleidomastoidLower trapezius
Levator scapulae
HeadProtrudesUpper trapeziusDeep cervical Sternocleidomastoid flexors

Assess for level of efficiency and identify potential imbalances during walking and running.

The gait cycle is discussed throughout lesson 1 of chapter 19 in the 7th edition.

View/CheckpointCompensationOveractive musclesUnderactive Muscles
Feet FlattenPeroneal complexAnterior tibialis
Lateral gastrocnemiusPosterior tibialis
Biceps femoris (short head) Medial gastrocnemius
TFLGluteus medius
Turn out
SoleusMedial gastrocnemius
Lateral gastrocnemiusMedial hamstring
Biceps femoris (short head)Gluteus medius/maximus
TFLGracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus
KneesMove inwardAdductor complexMedial hamstring
Biceps femoris (short head)Medial gastrocnemius
TFL Gluteus medius/maximus
Lateral gastrocnemiusVastus medialis oblique
Vastus lateralisAnterior tibialis
Posterior tibialis
LPHCLow back archHip flexor complex Gluteus maximus
Erector spinae Intrinsic core stabilizers
Latissimus dorsi Hamstrings
External obliques Sartorius
Adductor complexPopliteus
Excessive rotationHamstringsGluteus medius/maximus
Intrinsic core stabilizers
Hip hikeQuadratus lumborum (opposite side)Adductor complex (same side)
TFL/gluteus minimus (same side)Gluteus medius (same side)
ShouldersRoundedPectoralsMiddle and lower trapezius
Latissimus dorsiRotator cuff
HeadForwardUpper trapeziusDeep cervical flexors
Levator scapulae
Sternocleidomastoid

Section 10. Performing Assessments with Special Populations

A modification of the single-leg squat assessment to a single-leg balance assessment as well as a reduction in ROM of the overhead squat. Push up an assessment to pivot off the knees instead of the feet. Avoid power and impact-based exercises and assessments.

For cardio assessment, the Rockport walk test is the ideal assessment. Institute a single-leg balance test instead of the single-leg squat and implement the push-up test with the knees as the pivot and an elevation for the hands, such as a bench.

Section 11. Indicators that a Client’s Condition is Outside Scope of Practice

Medical diagnosis- Prescription of pharmaceuticals and treatment of any medical condition

Diet prescription and therapy- Psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, or mental health counseling

Section 12. Criteria For Reassessment

-After a four-week period where changes in programming are occurring

-After notable indications of improvement

-When new goals have been identified and selected by the client

-When notable changes in lifestyle behaviors occur, such as dietary, career, relinquishing of previous addictions, etc…

Corrective flexibility should be implemented in phase 1 of training and helps increase ROM, addresses imbalances, and correct deviated movement patterns.

Best implemented at phases 2, 3, and 4. It helps promote improved neuromuscular efficiency, soft tissue extensibility, and reciprocal inhibition.

Best implemented at phase 5 of training. This type of flexibility promotes and maintains integrated, multiplanar soft tissue extensibility while optimizing neuromuscular control.

Gentle massaging motions using a rigid, smooth implement such as a foam roller to ease and release knots in the muscle tissue. This relieves tension and autogenic inhibition.

Stretching muscle just past the comfortable tension limit and holding the extension for at least 30 seconds.

Dynamic movement of joints into a ROM by agonists and synergists.

It uses the production of force to move joints through a full ROM. 

Domain 4: Program Design

Section 1. Resistance Training Systems

Training one set per exercise. This is an ideal protocol for beginners.

Multiple sets per exercise.

Training where the intensity increases or decreases progressively with each set.

Performing two consecutive sets of exercises with very little to no rest in-between.

Performing multiple exercises with little rest between sets.

A circuit training variation that alternates upper and lower body training for optimized circulation.

Compartmentalizing training focus between the upper and lower body and dedicating entire sessions accordingly.

Alternating training focus between the upper and lower body with each set.

Focusing on all exercises for one body segment and then moving on to the next within one session.

Section 2. Resistance Training Methods

This information is taken from chapter 21 of the 7th edition.

StabilizationStrengthPower
Method
4/2/1 tempo, lower weight, and higher reps in an unstable, but controlled, environment2/0/2 tempo, moderate to heavyweight, low to moderate reps with full ROMExplosive tempo, light weight, moderate reps with full ROM
Exercises
Ball squat, curl to pressLunge to two-arm dumbbell pressTwo-arm medicine ball chest pass
Multiplanar step-up balance, curl, to overhead pressSquat to two-arm pressRotation chest pass
Ball dumbbell chest pressTwo-arm push pressBall medicine ball pullover throw
Barbell cleanBarbell cleanWood chop throw
Standing cable rowFlat dumbbell chest pressMedicine ball scoop toss(shoulders)
Ball dumbbell rowBarbell bench pressMedicine ball side oblique throw
Single-leg dumbbell scaptionSeated cable rowSquat jump
Seated stability ball military pressSeated lat pullTuck jump
Single-leg dumbbell curlSeated dumbbell shoulder press
Single-leg barbell curlSeated shoulder press machine
Supine ball dumbbell triceps extensionSeated two-arm dumbbell biceps curls
Prone ball dumbbell triceps extensionBiceps curl machine
Biceps curl machineCable pushdowns
Multi-planar step-up to balanceSupine bench barbell triceps extension
Leg press
Barbell squat

Section 3. Cardiorespiratory Training Methods

Cardio training was instituted progressively to avoid injury and over-training.

Characterized by initial cardio activation for sedentary individuals. Implemented at HR zone 1. Starts slow and progresses up to about 30-60 mins of training.

Characterized by cardio progress for intermediate-level individuals. Implemented at HR zone 2 intervals, with HR zone 1 for recovery. 1 min zone 2:3 min zone 1 (1:3 work/rest ratio).

Characterized by cardio progress for advanced-level individuals. Implemented at HR zone 3 intervals, with HR zone 2 for recovery and HR zone 1 as a warm-up. 1 min zone 3:1 min zone 2 (1:1 work/rest ratio).

Section 4. Core Training Methods 

For effective global stability of all movement chains through the body. Develops local stabilization muscles, muscle balance, and correct transfer of force.

Core stabilizer recruitment is activated by pulling the navel towards the spine (local stabilization).

Stabilizing the LHPC through contraction of the anterior and posterior core muscles as well as the glutes (global stabilization).u003cbru003e

Section 5. Balance Training Methods

– Develops awareness of balance limit/threshold

– Optimizes synchronicity and synergy of muscle firing patterns, in turn improving joint stability.

– Combines functional training with proprioceptive activation.

– Maximizes sensory input to CNS, in turn, maximizes the efficiency of relevant motor response.

Section 6. Proprioceptive Manipulation

– Stable to unstable

– Static to dynamic

– Slow to fast

– Two limbs to single limbs

– Open eyes to closed eyes

– Known to unknown

– Supine

– Prone

– Lateral lying

– Kneeling 

– Half- kneeling 

– Standing

– Two legs

– Single leg

– Two leg (unstable)

– Single leg (unstable)

– Solid floor

– Balance beam

– Half-foam roll

– Foam pad

– Balance disk

– Wobble disk

Section 7. Plyometric Training Methods

Power-focused movement training consisting of an eccentric phase for potential energy development followed by an explosive concentric phase.

Transitional phase between eccentric and concentric action during a plyometric movement. The shorter the transition phase, the more powerful the movement.u003cbru003e

Section 8. SAQ Training Methods

Speed, Agility, and Quickness. Relates dynamic reactivity and the ability to accelerate, decelerate and change position and direction in all planes of motion while maintaining dynamic stability.u003cbru003e

Cone and agility ladder drills.

Section 9. Exercise Progression/Regression

Allows for managed progress and development of skills.

Section 10. General Adaptation Syndrome

The body’s 3 stage response to stress. The stages are alarm, resistance development, and exhaustion.

The primary response to a stressor leads to the engagement of protective systems.

Functional adaptation to the stressor leading to tolerance of that current level of stress.

Sustained stress over an excessive period or intensity leads to system failure and break down of adaptation.

Section 11. Principle of Specificity

Stands for Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands. This refers to the fact that exposing the body to specific stressors through training will lead to an adaptation that matches those specific demands.

The specific forces and direction through which they are applied.

The sensory inputs and the corresponding motor responses.

The energy demands and biochemical activity are relevant to the specific demands.

Section 12. Principle of Overload

Training stimuli and demands must be progressively elevated through an increase in intensity and/or volume in order to promote sustained optimization of adaptation.

Section 13. Principle of Variation

The principle works by reducing risk of exhaustion while maintaining ideal overload and maximizing kinetic chain stimulation.

Section 14. Periodization Concepts 

Dividing training into specific periods called cycles is designed to optimize adaptation both over long-term and short-term periods.

A training plan is split into weekly, monthly, and annual cycles that progress from high-volume, low-intensity workouts to low-volume, high-intensity workouts.

Progressively changing the OPT phases as the program runs while still adhering to recovery protocols.

Section 15. Acute Variables 

Level of effort or resistive force required to perform an exercise.

Quantity of complete efforts or repetitions in given time required to complete an exercise set or workout session.

The FITTE principles are found throughout chapter 15, lesson 6 in the 7th edition. Ans this also adds in volume and progression, which are less talked about.

FFrequencyTotal number of training sessions per unit time
IIntensityLevel of effort required to successfully perform exercises
TTimeThe period in which training occurs
TTypeThe nature of physical activity engaged
EEnjoymentThe amount of pleasure derived from performing the exercise or workout

 – hypertrophy

– healthy cholesterol balance

– improved metabolism

The principle works by reducing the risk of exhaustion while maintaining ideal overload and maximizing kinetic chain stimulation.

Section 16. Modality Risks and Rewards

Training using one’s own physical mass as a training load through all planes of motion.

Using ropes and webbing to create a proprioceptively rich training environment.

Movement of external load through multiple planes of motion while anchoring to a stable base. E.g. dumbbells, barbells, kettle-bells, medicine balls and sandbags.

Ideal for beginners with limited stability adaptation and ROM.

Proprioceptive modalities are used to create instability during exercise, thus leading to a proprioceptively rich training environment that causes adaptations towards balance and stability. Equipment includes an unstable surface of the apparatus.

Section 17. Overtraining, Rest, and Recovery 

 – Fatigue

– Performance decline

– Irregular sleep patterns 

– Reproductive health issues

– Compromised immunity

– Unstable mood

– Appetite decrease

– Hormonal imbalance

Section 18. Current Trends and Their Application to Training

 – Provides constant, sustained guidance and feedback

– Can manage and assess all variables

– Allows for remote client management

– Optimized nutritional management

 1. Provides exercise data and feedback

2. Monitors vitals and sleep habits

3. Provides information on progress and incentivizes it

 1. Powerful marketing tool for services

2. PR and reputation management

3. Provide value through information and useful content

4. Inspire clients and prospects

5. Network with peers and collaborators. Study and learn from competitors

Wearable fitness trackers.

Section 19. Program Design for Special Populations

This is a focus of lesson 1 in chapter 23 of the 7th edition.

ModeModerate cardio (jogging, walking, running), sports, and games. Resistance training
IntensityModerate to vigorous
Frequency5 to 7 days per week (cardio)
DurationNo more than 1 hour per day
FlexibilityAdhere to OPT flexibility protocols
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 2-3 days/ weekSets: 1-5 setsRepetitions: 3-30/setIntensity: 45%-85% of 1-RM
Special ConsiderationsActivity should be enjoyable and based on the quality of postural control and less on the intensity

This table also comes from lesson 1 of chapter 23 in the 7th edition.

ModeStationary cycling, treadmill with handrail, aquatic aerobics
Intensity40-85% of VO2max
Frequency3-5 days/week moderate, 3 days/week vigorous
Duration30-60 mins/day. 8-10 min bursts
FlexibilitySMR and static stretching exercises
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 3-5 days/ weekSets: 1-3 setsRepetitions: 8-20/setIntensity: 40-80% 1-RM
Special ConsiderationsSlow and well-monitored progress.
Progress exercises toward free sitting or standing.
Regular breathing avoiding Valsalva maneuver
Implement slow, active, or dynamic stretching in case SMR or static stretching is poorly received.

This is featured in lesson 6 of chapter 23 in the 7th edition.

ModeLow impact cardio (treadmill, stationary bike) no sudden or jarring motions
IntensityStage 1 cardio. Stage 2 if medically cleared
Frequency3-5 days/week cardio
Duration15-30 mins/day
FlexibilitySMR, static and active-isolated stretching
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 2-3 days per week
Sets: follow OPT Phase
Repetitions: 12-15 per set intensity: light loads
Only OPT Phases 1 and 2 are advised; use the only Phase 1 after the first trimester.
Special ConsiderationsNo prone or supine exercises beyond the 12th week of pregnancy.
No SMR on varicose vein regions and swollen areas.
No plyometric exercises during the second and third trimesters.
No power or speed assessment.
Pivot push-up assessment from knees instead of feet.
Change the single-leg squat to a single-leg balance assessment.
Reduce ROM for the overhead squat assessment.

This is featured in lesson 2 of chapter 23 of the 7th edition.

ModeLow impact cardio (treadmill, stationary bike) no sudden or jarring motions
Intensity60-80% HR max.; can be adjusted to 40-70%; use the talk test
Frequency5-7 days/week cardio
Duration40 - 60 mins/day. 2x 20-30min/day
FlexibilityStretches performed seated or standing, use SMR if possible
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 2-3 days/week.
Sets: 1-3 sets.
Repetitions: 10-15 /set.
Intensity: follow OPT Phases
Implement circuit training for Phases 1 and 2
Special ConsiderationsExercise should be performed standing or seated when possible.
Watch for other obesity-related chronic diseases.
Use the Rockport walk test for cardiac assessment.
Pivot push-up assessment from knees instead of feet.
Test single-leg balance instead of single-leg squat assessment.

This is featured in lesson 4 of chapter 23 in the 7th edition.

ModeStationary cycling, treadmill walking, rowers
Intensity50-85% HR max., can adjust to 40-70%. Stage 1 cardio progressing to stage 2 cardio
Frequency3-7 days/ week cardio
Duration30-60 minutes/day
FlexibilityStatic and active-isolated stretching; standing or seated
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 2-3 days/week
Sets: 1-3 sets
Repetitions: 10-20/set
Intensity: Adhered to OPT Phase protocols, no more than 1 second for isometric and concentric muscle activity.
Implement circuit or PHA training systems with adequate recovery.
Special ConsiderationsNo heavy lifting or Valsalva maneuver.
Avoid over-gripping weights or clenching fists during workouts.
Perform exercises in a standing or seated position.
Stand up slowly to avoid vertigo/dizziness.
Slow progression

This is featured in lesson 5 of chapter 23 in the 7th edition.

ModeTreadmill with handrail 
Intensity50-90% HR max. Stage 1 cardio progressing to stage 2
Frequency2-5 days/week cardio
Duration20-60 min/day. 8 -10min bouts
FlexibilityStatic and active-isolated stretching
Resistance TrainingFrequency: 2-3 days/week
Sets: 1-3 sets
Repetitions: 8-20/set
Intensity: max of 85% 1-RM
Special ConsiderationsSlow progress
Progress to free sitting/standing if possible
Hips, thighs, back, and arms focal areas
Avoid excess loads on the spine
Avoid the Valsalva maneuver.

Domain 5: Exercise Technique and Training Instruction

Section 1. Exercise Set-up and Technique

– Asses set-up and correct technique of all documented exercises-

– Categorize all exercises

– Regress each exercise

– Progress each exercise

– Perform each exercise

 – Boost respiratory and heart rate

– Boosts cardiac output for exercise

– Boosts circulation to active muscles

– Boost oxygen uptake and use capacity

– Boosts temperature of active tissues

– Boosts rate of muscular contraction

– Boosts metabolic activity

– Boosts extensibility of soft tissue

– Boost mental focus and readiness for exercise

Low-intensity movement unrelated to specific training activities would fall under general warm-up, while a specific warm-up would entail low-intensity movements that directly mimic the intended training activity.

Gradual 5-10 minute transition from active to steady-state utilizing light cardio, static stretching, and SMR.

Concurrent extension or flexion of hip, knee, and ankle.

Section 2. Kinesthetic, Auditory, and Visual Cueing

The information produced by sensory input and sensorimotor integration leads to permanent pattern development.

External feedback is provided explicitly by external mediators while internal feedback is tacit recognition of intrinsic effects/changes.

Audiovisual through an instructor or playback system and knowledge of results.

– Tell (auditory cueing)

– Show (visual cueing)

– Direct (kinesthetic cueing)

Section 3. Safe Training Practices

What:

Is safe?

Is a contraindication?

Is an Appropriate Intensity?

How:

How many exercises?

Sets and Reps?

Days per week?

Section 4. Safe and Effective Spotting Techniques

 – Determine total reps to be performed

– Only take weight where there is immediate danger of dropping

– Only assist just enough to overcome the ”sticking point”

– Spot wrists and not elbows during dumbbell workouts

– Avoid spotting machine-based exercises by positioning your hands under the weight stack.

Section 5. Proper Breathing Technique

– Shallow breathing may be due to the use of secondary respiratory muscles instead of the diaphragm

– Respiratory muscle overactivity may result in headaches and dizziness

– Excessive breathing can lead to oxygen/CO2 imbalance and retention of waste molecules.

Instruct breathing through the stomach in order to normalize.

Domain 6: Professional Development and Responsibility

Section 1. Professional Guidelines and Standards

1. Do not diagnose or treat illness or injury unless for basic first aid or if the Certified Professional is legally licensed to do so and is working in that capacity at that time.

2. Do not train clients with a diagnosed health condition unless the Certified Professional has been specifically trained to do so.

3. Do not begin to train a client prior to receiving and reviewing a current health-history questionnaire signed by the client.

4. Hold a current cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) certification from a NASM-approved provider at all times.

Section 2. Business Fundamentals

Making informed predictions based on previous performance indicators and existing trends.

  1. Decide on an income figure
  2. Identify weekly earnings required for that goal
  3. Calculate the number of required weekly sessions
  4. Identify the required closing percentage
  5. Create a client conversion timeline
  6. Identify the total number of interactions required based on the closing percentage
  7. Identify the required amount of daily interactions
  8. Do an hour-by-hour daily breakdown of interactions
  9. Make sure you obtain contact information
  10. Conduct follow-ups

Section 3. Marketing Concepts and Techniques 

1 – Product

2 – Price

3. -Placement

4 – Promotion

Section 4. Sales Concepts and Techniques

Implementation of methods designed to search for new clients.

  • Empathize with and understand the client’s concerns
  • – Isolate the actual drawbacks
  • – Remind the client of the benefits
  • – Make a plan to resolve concerns

We hope you’ve enjoyed using this free NASM study guide. It was crafted and put together by qualified trainers who have been through the works and passed the NASM CPT exam.

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