Welcome to the Trainer Academy ACSM Practice Test. This practice exam tests on your knowledge of the ACSM Certified Personal Trainer final exam materials.

Make sure to download the 22-step ACSM CPT exam tips and preparation checklist to ensure that you pass the test.

Also, don’t forget to Check out my premium ACSM CPT MVP study materials here. Students who use these materials have a 99% pass rate, plus, we offer an exam pass guarantee.

Now let’s dive in to the ACSM practice test!

ACSM Exam Domain Breakdown

The ACSM exam is broken down into four key domains. Candidates must understand the concepts in each section and answer enough questions correctly to receive at least 70 percent on the overall exam.

It’s important to account for the knowledge and details in each domain to make your choice as to which sections you focus on during your studies.

Taking multiple iterations of practice exams is the ultimate method to mastering the ACSM materials.

You have a lot of options for studying, and the ACE practice exam domain breakdown will allow you the insight to understand how your efforts are best applied.

You do need to have your high school diploma or equivalent degree like a GED as well as a CPR/AED certification to sit for the exam. This is true whether or not you take a remote proctored exam through Pearson VUE or at an in-person testing center.

The following sections break down the topics of each domain on the ACSM exam.

Domain I: Initial Client Consultation and Assessment

Initial client consultations and assessments are the first areas you need to learn for the exam during your ACSM course study.

These concepts are vital for all personal trainers. You need to assess your clients initially to determine their goals, lifestyle, and life status to ensure their well-being and the effectiveness of your program.

This is also key for business success whether you work for gyms or as a self-employed trainer.

You need to make the initial sale during your client interview, and you also need the prospects to feel that you care deeply about their success to convince them you are the right trainer for them and that they should pay for their services.

Domain II: Exercise Programming and Implementation

This section covers the key concepts you need for program design and exercise techniques.

Few can argue that these are unimportant concepts for personal trainers to master, and you need to know the answers for this section given it’s weight on the exam.

You’ll learn key exercises for every area and part of the body, from the core, legs, arms, shoulders, and chest to the stabilizer muscles that aid in all forms of human movement.

For programming, the curriculum teaches how to determine sets and reps for different fitness goals.

Domain III: Exercise Leadership and Client Education

Client education and leadership come into play as you develop your career as a personal trainer, and learning these areas is part and parcel of the ACSM curriculum.

Just like Oracle and Microsoft are leaders in the business world or Comptia and Cisco in IT, successful trainers become leaders within their fitness communities, whether that’s in the gym, group fitness classes, writing individual fitness plans, or becoming sought-after as an online trainer.

You also need to learn about calories, behavior change, and other key things that you need to lead clients to success. It’s more than just reading an article to keep up with the times.

You must immerse yourself in the world of fitness and commit to a deep and continuing education to deliver results, whether you train clients over an app or in-person.

Domain IV: Legal and Professional Responsibilities

The final domain on the ACSM exam is legal and professional responsibilities. Being a trainer entails managing risk and ensuring the safety of your clients, which is something many people don’t think about.

You also need to understand the limits of your knowledge as a personal trainer to be sure that you do not exceed the personal trainer’s scope of practice. This is a series of learning modules that cover this topic.

Whatever place you work at, from San Diego to Boston, you need a solid knowledge of the legal guidelines with regards to personal trainer.

100 ACSM Practice Questions

Why is there a growing concern over the physical fitness of children and adolescents?

There is a growing concern regarding the increasing rates of childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles which can lead to health issues such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems and poor mental health. ACSMs Resources for the Personal Trainer provides guidance on how to address these concerns

Which of the following is the least effective way to get an exercise program back on track?

Continuing with the same routine without any adjustments is considered the least effective approach. According to ACSM it is recommended to modify your program in order to avoid plateaus and achieve desired results.

Why is physical activity so important in preventing heart disease?

Engaging in physical activity plays a major role in preventing heart disease by reducing risk factors, like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and obesity. Regular exercise does strengthen the heart, and also improves circulation and overall cardiovascular health.

If Siobhan hits a 0.25 kg volleyball with 0.5 N of force, what is the acceleration of the ball? m/s2

To calculate acceleration you can utilize Newton’s law; F = ma, where F represents force (0.5 N) and m represents mass (0.25 kg). By rearranging the formula you can determine acceleration (a = F/m). In this case acceleration equals 0.5 N / 0.25 kg which amounts to 2 m/s².

Which estimated maximum heart rate formula is used for clients with high blood pressure?

For individuals dealing with blood pressure concerns ACSM suggests using the formula; 208. (0.7 * age). This adjusted formula takes into consideration an individual’s health condition.

Which of the following statements about developing a personal fitness program is not true?

“You should solely focus on one type of exercise.” In reality a rounded fitness program encompasses cardio workouts, strength training exercises, flexibility routines and adequate rest periods to achieve results.

What is the purpose of a fitness log?

Maintaining a fitness log is beneficial as it helps individuals track their progress, establish goals and make adjustments to their workout routines. This log records details such as the types of exercises performed, number of sets and reps, weights lifted and duration of sessions. It serves as a tool for trainers to assess and refine fitness programs tailored to individual needs.

Which statement best describes your ability to choose sports and exercise programs?

The choice of exercises within a fitness regimen depends on factors including goals, current fitness level, areas of interest and any physical limitations. Seeking guidance from a fitness healthcare provider can provide valuable insights when making informed decisions.

What are the components of an effective weight-training program?

An effective weight training program should encompass components such as warming up adequately before starting the exercises, engaging in resistance training with proper form and technique, gradually increasing the intensity, over time (progressive overload), incorporating variety into the routine to prevent monotony or plateaus in progress and concluding each session with a cool down period.

If a runner is doing vigorous exercise, which results from the anaerobic cellular process can they expect?

Engaging in exercise can lead to metabolism that produces lactic acid within muscles. This process often results in sensations of burning or muscle soreness experienced during high intensity workouts.

Which of the following aerobic activities has the highest impact on the joints?

Running on surfaces like concrete can put a lot of stress on your joints due to the impact forces with each step.

Why is a recovery period between bouts of exercise important?

Taking time for recovery is crucial as it allows your body to replenish energy, repair tissues and reduce the risk of overuse injuries. It also enhances overall performance.

Which of the following best describes balanced stretching?

To maintain or improve flexibility and prevent muscle imbalances it’s important to stretch both the muscles that work together (agonist) and those that work opposing them (antagonist).

Which percentage of American adults do not exercise on a regular basis? a. 40% b. 50% c. 55% d. 60%

50% of adults in America don’t engage in regular exercise.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bone fractures?

When a bone fractures you may experience pain, swelling, range of motion and sometimes even deformity. Open fractures occur when the bone breaks through the skin and are characteristic of types of fractures.

What is the definition of muscular power?

Muscular power refers to the ability of muscles to generate force by combining strength and speed.

Which of the following statements best describes circuit training?

Circuit training involves performing a series of exercises that target muscle groups without taking rest between them. It effectively combines strength training with benefits in one session.

How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?

One gram of protein provides 4 calories.

Which of the following statements is not a weight loss myth?

The statement that “Losing weight requires consuming more calories than you burn” is not a myth but a fundamental weight loss principle.

Which of the following best describes the exercise principle of specificity?

According to the principle of specificity, in exercise the training effect is specific to the type of exercise performed. To enhance an aspect of fitness it is important to focus on training that component.

Which of the following is true about assessing muscular strength and endurance?

When assessing muscular strength and endurance, exercises such as push ups or bench presses are commonly used for body strength while sit ups are often employed for core strength.

Flexibility, mobility, balance, and core training are all included in which category of training?

In the realm of fitness, flexibility, mobility, balance and core training are typically categorized under “Functional Training.”

Which area of study is not related to the health and wellness field?

“Quantum Mechanics” has no connection to the field of health and wellness.

Why would it be hard to find the ideal light intensity if the temperature were very hot or cold?

Extreme temperatures (whether cold) can impact the body’s ability to regulate temperature effectively. This can make it challenging to determine the light intensity for effective exercise.

Which program should a person research to find information on how to become physically fit?

For individuals seeking fitness research, “Exercise and Fitness Programs” can provide information on suitable workouts and plans.

Which popular form of exercise is named after a person?

“Pilates,” named after its founder Joseph Pilates, has gained popularity as an exercise form.

Which of the following is a common fitness assessment used for senior fitness clients?

The “Senior Fitness Test” serves as an useful assessment tool, for evaluating fitness levels.

Which of the following is a myth about weight lifting?

The belief that weightlifting always leads to bulking up is not entirely accurate. Weightlifting can actually help improve strength and tone, without muscle growth.

Which food type should make up more than 10 percent of a person’s daily calorie intake?

It is recommended that fruits and vegetables make up more than 10 percent of your calorie intake.

Which of the following statements about maintaining a fitness program is true?

Consistency plays a role in maintaining a fitness program. Regular exercise is essential for health and fitness.

Which statement is not true about physical exercise for pregnant women?

Contrary to the statement that pregnant women should avoid all forms of exercise, this is not entirely true. In most cases, pregnant women can safely engage in exercise routines with guidance from healthcare providers.

Which example best describes the term sedentary?

Sedentary is best described as sitting at a desk for 8 hours a day or more with minimal activity.

Which of these team sports affects both health-related fitness and skill-related fitness?

Soccer is a team sport that has an impact on both health related fitness aspects like endurance, and skill related fitness components such as agility and coordination.

Which of the following statements about stretching is not true?

The statement that stretching should always be done before exercise isn’t entirely accurate. It’s best to perform stretching after a workout when your muscles are warm.

Which of the following is not an appropriate result of healthy stretching?

A positive outcome of stretching includes increased flexibility and improved range of motion without experiencing any pain or discomfort.

Which of the following best describes cardiovascular fitness?

Cardiovascular fitness focuses on how the heart and circulatory system deliver oxygen to working muscles during prolonged periods of exercise.

Which of the following is not a benefit of cool down activities?

Cooling down after exercise has the advantage of decreasing the likelihood of experiencing muscle soreness following a workout, commonly known as Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS).

Jogging benefits which area of health related fitness the most?

Jogging is mainly beneficial for improving cardiovascular endurance, which is an important aspect of overall fitness.

Which of the following are means of measuring physical fitness?

There are ways to measure fitness such as fitness assessments (like fitness tests and body composition measurements) tracking progress and monitoring health markers such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Which of the following factors are incorporated into the FITT principle of weight training?

When it comes to weight training the FITT principle incorporates factors like Frequency, Intensity, Type (mode) and Time (duration) in order to design workouts.

Which of these is a physical health benefit provided by playing team sports?

Engaging in team sports can have effects on health, muscular strength and social connections.

What is the optimal amount of protein per meal for muscle protein synthesis?

For maximum muscle protein synthesis it’s generally recommended to consume around 20-25 grams of high quality protein per meal.

How much protein should you have per day?

The daily protein intake recommendation typically falls around 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for individuals who’re not very active. Athletes or those involved in training may need more protein.

Which of the following represents a healthy fat intake for an athlete?

To maintain a diet for athletes it’s suggested that 20-35% of their total daily calorie intake come from healthy fats found in foods like avocados, nuts and healthy oils such as olive oil.

What are the primary joints involved in a squat movement pattern?

The main joints involved in a squat movement are the hips, knees and ankles.

Which of the following statements about physical fitness is true?

An accurate statement would be that physical fitness refers to the ability to perform tasks energetically and without fatigue.

What does regular participation in sports do?

Regular participation in sports not only improves fitness but also promotes social interaction and enhances mental well being.

How does regular participation in sports affect your body?

Regularly participating in sports can have positive effects on health, boosting muscular strength and endurance, improving flexibility and contributing to a healthy body tissue composition.

Which food is considered unhealthy? Low-fat yogurt, whole-grain rice, almonds, fruit snacks

“Fruit snacks” are often considered unhealthy because they contain large amounts of sugar and lack the value found in whole fruits.

Which statement best describes the benefits of muscular fitness training?

Engaging in fitness training can enhance muscle strength, endurance and tone. It also helps improve metabolism and supports fitness.

Which of the following is a common precaution for people with known health issues?

It is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or physician before starting or making changes to an exercise program especially if you have known health issues.

Which of the following choices are good strategies when exercising in extreme heat or cold?

Adopting strategies such as staying hydrated, wearing appropriate clothing, adjusting exercise intensity and recognizing the signs of heat or cold related illnesses is important.

Which stretching technique do experts recommend for general fitness?

For fitness purposes experts recommend incorporating stretching into your routine as it helps improve flexibility, mobility and prepares the muscles for activity.

How can you use your personal choices to exercise more safely?

To exercise safely and avoid overexertion or injury individuals should select exercises for their fitness level. Using form during workouts is crucial as well as warming up adequately and paying attention to their body’s signals.

At least how much physical activity should a person get every day?

For adults aiming to maintain a lifestyle it is recommended to engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic activity. Additionally, including muscle strengthening activities is beneficial.

Which of the following statements regarding midlife changes are true?

Typical changes that may occur during midlife include a decline in muscle mass, metabolism rate reduction and bone density loss. Hormonal shifts are also considerable factors at this this stage.

Which statement about aerobic exercise is not true?

When aerobic exercise is performed properly it usually doesn’t result in an increase in muscle mass. Its main benefits lie in enhancing endurance and aiding calorie burning.

What is the best way an individual can remove a barrier to a healthy lifestyle?

To overcome obstacles and adopt a lifestyle it’s important to establish goals, build a support network and devise a personalized plan that suits individual requirements and situations.

Which of the following is the first step in a balance training progression?

The initial step, in a balance training progression usually involves performing exercises to build a strong foundation of balance and stability on a solid surface.

Which resistance training system is most appropriate for hypertensive clients?

For individuals with hypertension the most suitable resistance training system is one that focuses on technique, controlled breathing and uses a low to moderate intensity with higher repetitions.

Why should you allow a minimum of 24 hours of rest between intense stretching activities?

To prevent muscle overstretching or strain that can result in injury it is important to allow 24 hours of rest between intense stretching activities.

How much protein do you need per day?

The daily protein requirement varies depending on various factors. Generally, it ranges from around 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight for sedentary individuals. However athletes and those involved in training may require more protein.

What are two medical precautions for self-myofascial techniques?

Two important medical precautions include avoiding self techniques in areas, with injuries or infections and consulting with a healthcare professional if there are specific medical conditions or concerns.

Which 2 body systems are affected when trying to improve aerobic endurance?

Improving aerobic endurance primarily impacts the cardiovascular and respiratory systems by enhancing the efficiency of the heart and increasing lung capacity.

In regard to exercise, which of the following statements about safety consideration is correct?

A correct statement regarding safety is that individuals should always prioritize using form and technique during exercise to minimize the risk of injuries.

When individuals improve their aerobic endurance, which body systems are affected?

Enhanced aerobic endurance positively affects the respiratory systems resulting in heart health, increased lung capacity and overall better stamina.

What exercises should be avoided with high blood pressure?

It is advisable, for individuals with blood pressure to avoid exercises that involve lifting and straining such as heavy squats and deadlifts. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for guidance.

Which of the following is a true statement about playing team sports?

Engaging in team sports can boost teamwork and social interaction fostering a sense of camaraderie among teammates.

Which choice is not a mental or emotional benefit provided by being physically active?

Improving health is not considered an emotional benefit that comes from being physically active.

Which principle of exercise is concerned with maintaining a challenging workout?

The principle known as the “Overload Principle” focuses on maintaining a workout routine. It entails increasing the intensity, duration or frequency of exercise to continue making progress.

Which of the following is not a common barrier to getting proper exercise?

A common obstacle faced by individuals is the “Lack of Time.” Finding time to incorporate exercise into schedules can be quite challenging.

Which of the following is the best definition of wellness?

Wellness can be best described as encompassing state of well being that includes mental, emotional, social and spiritual health.

Which of the following statements about exercising during pregnancy is true?

During pregnancy, exercising can help reduce the risk of complications, enhance mood and contribute to overall well being. However it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for guidance.

How can an individual benefit from participating in the recommended amount of physical activity?

Engaging in the recommended amount of activity can have benefits including improved cardiovascular health, increased strength and endurance levels, weight management support, stress reduction and an overall enhancement in quality of life.

How will a healthy individual’s ATP production change during an eight-hour fast?

When a person fasts for eight hours their body starts using stored fats of carbohydrates as the source of energy.

In fitness, what do acute training variables determine?

The specific details of a workout session, such as intensity, duration, frequency and exercise choices are determined by the acute training variables.

How frequently should flexibility exercises be performed for best results?

To achieve outcomes it is recommended to do flexibility exercises at 2-3 times per week. This helps maintain or enhance range of motion and lowers the chances of getting injured.

What percentage of your daily calories should come from protein?

The recommended proportion of calories that should come from protein may vary. A commonly followed guideline suggests it to be around 10-35% of your total daily calorie intake.

Muscle makes up approximately what percentage of the body’s weight?

Muscles account for 40-50% of the body’s weight.

What should one be able to do after studying physiology?

Studying physiology can provide insights into how our bodies function, which can help us make decisions regarding exercise, health and medical treatments.

What population is the VT2 talk test appropriate for?

The VT2 (Ventilatory Threshold 2) talk test is suitable for a range of individuals, including athletes and fitness enthusiasts. It aids in determining training intensity levels.

Which of the following is not an example of skill-related fitness?

“Cardiovascular endurance” isn’t an example of skill related fitness; instead it falls under the category of health related fitness.

Which muscles are typically underactive with knee valgus during the single-leg squat?

During a single leg squat the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles are often inactive or not fully engaged when there is collapse or knee valgus.

Which statement best describes the joy and benefits of playing an individual sport?

Engaging in a sport often fosters feelings of independence, self reliance and personal achievement. This contributes to both fitness and mental well being.

Which of the following is not a type of wellness?

One aspect of well being is “Spiritual Wellness,” which encompasses an individual’s sense of purpose, values and connection to a power or their inner self.

Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and reducing stress may do which of the following?

Making lifestyle choices, like these can lead to improved health, increased energy levels, weight management success, reduced risk of chronic diseases and enhanced mental well being.

Which of the following fitness and wellness professionals plans food and nutrition services?

A “Registered Dietitian (RD)” or “Certified Nutritionist” is responsible for designing food and nutrition plans.

What are some things to consider when deciding to use free weights or machine weights?

When choosing between free weights and machine weights, it’s important to consider factors such as fitness goals, experience level, safety, muscle engagement and variety of exercises.

Which of the following is an appropriate assessment for a senior client who is sedentary?

To assess the suitability of a workout routine it may involve conducting a fitness assessment, gathering health history information through a questionnaire, and performing movement screening to identify any mobility or strength limitations.

Under what conditions will the body use significant amounts of protein for energy during exercise?

During exercise when glycogen stores are depleted and protein becomes the substrate significant amounts of protein are utilized by the body. This typically occurs during prolonged endurance activities.

What type of client is ideally suited for stage 2 training around VT1?

For individuals aiming to improve endurance and enhance their ability to sustain duration moderate intensity exercise, stage 2 training around VT1 is highly recommended.

Which of the following is not an example of good static flexibility?

It’s crucial to avoid frequent bouncing during stretching exercises as it can lead to injury. This type of stretching does not promote good static flexibility.

Which acute training variable is the equipment, methods, or technique used to complete an activity?

The acute training variable that pertains to the equipment used or methods employed during an activity is often referred to as “Training Modality.”

Which of the following statements about rest and physical activity is not true?

Contrary to popular belief, resting much does not improve physical fitness. While rest is crucial for recovery purposes, excessive rest, without engaging in activity can actually result in decreased levels of fitness.

What are some environmental risk factors that should be considered and avoided when exercising?

When exercising, it’s important to be mindful of factors that can pose risks. These factors include temperatures, poor air quality and hazardous terrain.

Which substrate provides nearly all the energy for activity at and above VT2?

Once you reach and go beyond VT2 (Ventilatory Threshold 2) the main source of energy used by your body is carbohydrates, in the form of glycogen.

Which predominant anatomical position of muscle groups would be enhanced by using pulling motions?

Engaging in pulling exercises helps strengthen muscles in the back, deltoids and biceps. This promotes posture and balance.

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

When engaging in exercise it is common to experience a higher heart rate and increased breathing rate.

What is sudden cardiac arrest?

Sudden cardiac arrest refers to an unexpected loss of heart function resulting in the heart stopping its beating and causing a lack of blood flow throughout the body. It is considered an emergency with potentially fatal consequences.

Which of the following activities is generally classified as aerobic?

Running is generally categorized as an aerobic activity due to its rhythmic movements that require increased oxygen intake.

ACSM Practice Test Overview

Are you looking to become a certified personal trainer through the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) certification?

Whether or not you have a general background in anatomy and kinesiology, becoming an ACSM-certified personal trainer is a great first step toward your career as a personal trainer.

And since ACSM is strong in research and evidence-based methodologies, at some point, you may want to explore becoming a clinical exercise physiologist.

Sounds fancy, right?

This free ACSM CPT practice exam has the hardest questions from the ACSM personal trainer study guide. This offers the best type of ACSM test prep that delivers true results by leveraging all components and strategies that maximize your understanding of the subjects you need to ensure readiness for your CPT exam.

It also contains the toughest ACSM exam questions from the following domains:

• Initial client consultation and ACSM fitness assessment
• Exercise leadership and client education
• Legal and professional responsibilities
• ACSM flashcards and spaced repetition learning

The worst that could happen is you fail and have to face the ACSM recertification fee.

But that’s nothing compared to what you pay for the overall CPT exam cost. Just like investing in workouts at the gym, your studying should deliver results. Our practice test helps everyone from beginners to those with experience in exercise science get everything they need to pass their ACSM CPT final exam.

Rest assured, if you can score well on the ACSM-CPT practice questions, then you will pass your ACSM CPT exam and earn your personal trainer certification.

The ACSM CPT is well designed to give you the wellness and training skills to succeed in the field of personal training and deliver stellar service.

Their training courses include instructions that teach you how to train clients with a variety of equipment, from weights and proper form to the benefits of each as well as cardio programming, and flexibility movements.

Individuals without any background in fitness will learn these items and be able to scale their training programs to match client needs.

But before even taking your exam, you must meet the CPT exam requirements.

I know you want to become a personal trainer in the worst way.

These ACSM CPT sample questions will help significantly reduce the time it takes to become a personal trainer.

As this is rated one of the best personal trainer practice tests online, along with others from top-notch personal trainer certifications, such as:

• NASM study guide
• NASM practice test
• ACE study guide
• ACE practice test

As you can see, both the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) and the American Council on Exercise (ACE) offer somewhat similar content coverage and exam layout.

You can even compare the ACSM certification to NASM, ACSM vs. ACE, and even NASM vs. ACE for a further look into each.

Furthermore, you can take what you know about ACSM and compare that to NASM vs. ISSA, or the International Sports Sciences Association personal trainer certification.

They are all accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), which is a non-profit organization and the gold standard accreditation in the fitness industry.

NCCA-accredited certifications also open the door to many great career opportunities.

Ever want to become a strength and conditioning coach?

Then I highly recommend the NSCA CSCS certification, which also comes with a free CSCS study guide and CSCS practice test to see if any of its content is of interest to you.

In case you want to become a nutrition coach, there are plenty of nutrition certifications to choose from.

It’s also worth sharing that having more than just a personal trainer certification will increase your overall personal trainer salary.

The study of human movement and nutrition and human performance is always expanding, hence why the personal trainer job outlook is expected to grow by 12% throughout the decade, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Even if you want to become a group exercise instructor, there are a ton of group fitness certifications up for grabs.

Just do your research.

And with the popularity of the internet, I wouldn’t be surprised if you want to become an online personal trainer.

If you put your mind to it, and you want to make money as a personal trainer, then there’s no question you’ll make it as a successful online trainer.

All-in-all, I truly wish you nothing but the greatest success in your career as an ACSM personal trainer.

“Exercise is medicine!”

References

1. Acsm. Acsm’s Exercise Testing and Prescription.; 2023. https://shop.lww.com/ACSM-s-Exercise-Testing-and-Prescription/p/9781975197070
2. ‌Pollock ML, Gaesser GA, Butcher JD, et al. ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998;30(6):975-991. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199806000-00032
3. ‌Acquaviva J. Strategies for Personal Trainers. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal. 2004;8(2):8-10. https://journals.lww.com/acsm-healthfitness/fulltext/2004/03000/strategies_for_personal_trainers.5.aspx